2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:定语从句

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▲高考英语语法必考知识点:定语从句的结构

先行词

指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。

一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。

关系词

关系词常有3个作用:

①连接作用,连接主句和定语从句。

②指代先行词。

③在定语从句中担当成分。

注:关系代词有主语、宾语、定语之分。一般who做主语或其宾格形式的whom做宾语(whom作宾语时可省略),whose作为定语(whose不可省略)。关系代词在从句中作主语,宾语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语(where),时间状语(when),原因状语(why)。

定语

定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语(动词不定式短语、动名词表示的)汉语中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容词担任,此外,名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。

被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如“the girl”,“the book”

如:She is the girl who likes singing. 她就是那个喜欢唱歌的女孩。

这就是一个定语从句。

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:定语从句

关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语 从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1)who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:

Is he the man who/that wants to see you

他就是想见你的人吗(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3)which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主语)

The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语)

关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

1)when, where, why

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例 如:

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗

2)that代替关系副词

that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从 句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住过的地方。

判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要 求用关系代词。例如:

(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系 副词.先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,应选择关系代词;先行词在从句中作状语时,应选 择关系副词。

例如:(对)Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago

(对)Is this the museum where the exhibition was held

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:定语从句

限定性定语从句

意义:

限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整,例如I met some one who said he knows you.

在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which,at which,for which或on which

(1)Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

(2)I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。

(3)We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

在限定性定语从句中,当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时,关系代词可省略。

(1)The book (that/ which) I am reading is very interesting. 我在读的书很有趣。

(2)Is there anything (that) you wanted 想要什么东西吗

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:定语从句

非限定性定语从句

意义:

非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开,如

(1)The house,which I bought has a lovely garden.我买的房子带着个漂亮的花园。

(2)This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。

1.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:

(1)He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

(2)Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

2. 在非限定定语从句中,有时as也可用作关系代词,若as在从句中作主语,其引导的句子可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。例如:

(1)The boy has as much progress as we had expected. 正像我们所预料的那样,这个男孩取得了大的进步。

(2) As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history . 每个人都知道,中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。

3. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用从句做主语

(1)The boys ,who are playing football ,are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。

(2)I helped an old man ,who lost his way ,yesterday . 昨天,我帮助了一个迷路的老人。

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:定语从句的易错点

1)当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时,要判断出它们在从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时用关系副词,反之用关系代词。

典型例题:I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.

A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when

答案:A

解析:两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.

2)当主语为物时,不能用what

3)there be句型中,指人用who指物用that。

4)当主句中缺少主语或表语时,用the one。

5)当出现先行词+介词时,关系词只能用whom或which

6)当出现先行词+介词时,注意判断介词与从句谓语是否有关系,以确定为定语从句

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:定语从句的练习题及答案

1.This is the mountain village ________ I stayed last year.

2.This is the mountain village ________ I visited last year,.

3.I’ll never forget the days ________ I spent in the countryside.

4.I’ll never forget the days ________ I worked together with you.

5.I forget the time ________ he will come.

6.I forget the time ________ he told me.

7.The reason ________ he can’t come is that he is ill.

8.The reason ________ he told me is not true.

9.This is the factory ________ I visited last year.

10.This is the factory _______ I worked last year.

11.This is the factory _______ produces all kinds of TV sets.

12.This is the reason ________ he was absent.

13.This is the reason _______ can explain his absence.

答案

1.where

2. which

3. which / than

4. when

5. when

6. which

7. why

8. which / that

9. which

10.where

11.which

12.why

13.which

推荐阅读:

2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:非限定性定语从句
2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:限定性定语从句
2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:名词性从句
2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:同位语从句

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