2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:泛指与特指

2016/09/28 09:39:32文/网编3

学分网给各位考生整理了2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:泛指与特指,希望对大家有所帮助。更多的资讯请持续关注学分网。(http://www.xuefen.com.cn/)

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:泛指与特指

泛指和特指是每年高考必考的一组概念,在英语中广泛使用。“泛指”是指普遍、不确定的人或事物,而“特指”则是指具体、特定的人或事物。在实践中,这两个概念是可以灵活运用且相互转换的。

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:泛指与特指

“泛指”与“特指”的多种表达

说起“泛指”,我们马上想起不定冠词(a/an),其实不带冠词的不可数名词和复数名词都可以表“泛指”, 有些表“不定”概念的限定词(another, some, a few, most, enough, hundreds of, plenty of等 )也可以充当这个作用。

例如:

I want to buy a book/some books. Books are of great use. Air is all around us.

I will stay there for a few days/another few days.

“特指”经常由定冠词(the)或表“特定”概念的限定词(物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等)来充当。假如将“中国的第二大河流”说成 “China’s the second longest river” 是不妥当的, 因为China’s 和the 在“特指”的概念上是重复的。“那个门破了的教室”既可以译成 “the classroom whose door is broken”也可以说成 “the classroom the door of which is broken”,因为 “door” 前应该有个表“特指”的限定词。同样,“with one’s help/ take one’s place” 可能在另一场合会变成“with the help of/ take the place of”。

在表达“倍数”时,我们常常看到这样一个公式:“倍数 + the + 名词(size/height/ length) + of ”。如果把它改为“倍数 + 表特指的名词/代词”就可以更好理解的下面的句子了:

① The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. (that=the size)

② I offer ten times the money that Antonia has borrowed. =I offer ten times what Antonia has borrowed. (what=the money that 定语从句)

③ You can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.(their weight=the weight of rats)

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:泛指与特指

“泛指”转化为“特指”

1.① I spent many happy hours with them.

② This picture reminds me of the many happy hours I spent with them.

2.① I bought a few books in the bookstore.

② The few books I bought in the bookstore are written in English .

3. ① I don’t feel like drinking water.

② I don’t feel like drinking the water from this well.

4.① Cotton played an important part in Industrial Revolution.

② The most important thing about cotton in history is the important part that it played in Industrial Revolution.

5.① I have done a little to help you.

② I hope the little that I’ve been able to do has been of some use to you.

以上的②句中的划线部分都是由于有一个定语限定而转化为“特指”。

另外,在一些限定词的后面只能接泛指的名词,如:a lot of, plenty of, dozens of, hundreds of等。然而,有些却可以增加一个 “of”,便只能后接特指的成分:后接表“泛指”的名词 后接表“特指”的名词/代词some (students) some of (the students) a good many (people) a good many of (the people) most most of (us) a dozen a dozen of (these apples) five hundred five hundred of (them)

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:泛指与特指

“特指”转化为“泛指”

1.When the spaceship traveled above, a new-looking earth appeared before us, an earth that we had never seen before. 当宇宙飞船在上空运行时,一个全新的地球出现在我们面前,以往我们都不曾看过。

2.It is a world of wonders, a world where anything can happen.(2004福建卷)

3.It’s really fun to walk alone with a full moon hanging in the sky.

4.Having been overseas for half a century, he returned and found himself in a brand-new China. 本来“the earth/ the world/ the moon/ China”都是特指的,但是,如果增加一些修饰成分之后,指不同时期、不同角度看到的或不同形状的“地球、世界、月亮、中国”的话,它们就转化为泛指。 5.I knew a John Lennon, but not the famous one. (2005高考山东卷) John Lennon是一个著名歌手,当然是特指。句中的a John Lennon= another person whose name happened to be John Lennon, 是泛指。

6.① He, who led the USA through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D.C.

② He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。第一个He=Abraham Lincoln,是特指,要用非限制性定语从句;第二个He= anyone,是泛指。

7.①—What new subjects are you going to have in the second grade(特指) —I’m going to learn a second foreign language.(表“又一”,泛指。)

② No one can have a higher IQ (=an IQ which is even higher) than the taller of the twin brothers.

③ The most diligent student in our class have a most(=very)interesting book.

一般情况下,在比较级、最高级、序数词中用 “a/an”表“泛指”,用 “the”表“特指”。

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:泛指与特指

代词的泛指和特指

one, ones, it, that, those

one用来替代前面出现的单数名词,是泛指概念,相当于a/an+单数名词;ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词,也是泛指概念;it用来替代前面出现的事物,是同名同物的替代;that用来替代前面出现的名词,可以是可数名词单数,也可以是不可数名词,相当于the+(单数/不可数)名词;those用来替代复数名词,是特指概念,相当于the+名词复数,但多用于两者间的另外一方(一批)。

〔误〕A bridge made of stone is stronger than that made of wood.

〔正〕 A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood.

〔析〕 one 替代的是前面的a bridge, 这里表示一类事物,并不特指其中的一个。

〔误〕The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than in Beijing in summer.

〔正〕 The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than that in Beijing in summer.

〔析〕比较的对象是"天气"。

〔误〕My pen is lost, I”ll buy it.

〔正〕My pen is lost, I”ll buy one.

〔析〕it只能代替前面出现的事物,是特指,在此不合句意,因为你不可能买到你已丢失的那支钢笔。one是泛指概念,在此符合句意。

none, no one,nothing

none既可指人,也可指物,且一定是特指概念,常用来回答how many/much;no one只能指人,且只能是泛指概念,常用来回答who引导的疑问句;nothing"什么也没有",否定一切,常用来回答what引导的疑问句。

〔误〕There were 20 people around but no one helped the old man.

〔正〕 There were 20 people around but none helped the old man.

〔析〕此处应是特指在场的人,none后面省略了of短语。

〔误〕—What is in the box—None.

〔正〕—What is in the box—Nothing.

〔析〕nothing否定一切,回答what的提问。

▲高考英语语法必考知识点:泛指与特指

冠词的特指和泛指

定冠词the表特指,不定冠词a/an表泛指

定冠词用在名词前,表示特指,即某个特定的人、事物等。特别是当某名词后面有定语限定这一名词时,名词前面一般都要用定冠词the

不定冠词a表示“一”这一概念时,意思与one相似

不定冠词用在表示数量、时间等名词前,表示“每一(单位)…的价格、速度、顺序等”

具体情况如下:

1、泛指是指首次提到的,不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物,或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物.也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。

2、不定冠词修饰可数名词.其意思为“一个”;定冠词既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词,往往表特指.其意思相当于“这个”,单数可数名词只要不用在抽象化的语境中,一定要加冠词(或者加不定冠词,或者加定冠词)。

3、不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词、有形容词修饰的一日二餐、季节、日期前。

4、不定冠词a(n)用于序数词前,表示一次,又一(如:a second language又一门外语)

5、不定冠词a(n)表示“per”的意思。( one thousand yuan a month.

一月一千块)

7、不定冠词a(n)用于有good/great many修饰的名词复数前(a good many times.许多次)

8、不定冠词a(n)用于形式为复数,但意义仍为单数的名词前。(A thousand miles 一千英里)

9、不定冠词a(n)用于一些原来是动词的名词前。(如:have a walk)

10、有一些抽象名词:advice(忠告),behavior(行为),fortune(运气),fun(娱乐),information(情报),progress(进步),damage(损害),harm(伤害)等,即使被形容词修饰,也不加不定冠词。

11、用在某些固定词组中。

A few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of, all of a sudden(突然), as a matter of fact(实际上), in a hurry(匆忙的), in a word(简言之), have a good time(玩得愉快), do sb. a favour(帮忙), pay a visit to(访问), as a rule(惯例), as a whole(总之), in a day or two(一两天), in a way(在某种程度上), of a size(大小相同), have a word with sb.(与…交谈), make a living(谋生), take a pride in(自豪), take a walk(break, bath, seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座)), a great deal of(大量), be a pity(遗憾), have a cold(headache, fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧)), many a(许多), catch a cold(感冒).

12、在某些习惯用语中,用还是不用冠词,意义不同,有时甚至差别很大,使用时要特别注意

go to sea 当水手

go to the sea 去海边

in future 从今以后,将来

in the future 未来

on earth 究竟

on the earth 在地球上,在世上

go to school (church…) 上学(做礼拜…)

go to the school (church…) 到学校(教堂)去

in front of 在…(外部的)前面

in the front of 在…(内部的)前面

on horseback 骑着马

推荐阅读:

2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:With引导的独立主格
2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:be to do
2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:情态动词的辨析
2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:常见的情态动词总结

THE END

最新文章

相关文章

2022年托福考试费用 托福考试多少钱一次
一对一英语网课平台有哪些 一对一英语网课哪些好
线上一对一英语有效果吗 线上一对一英语好吗
哪个英语线上课程比较好 英语线上课程怎么样
线上英语课哪个好 线上英语课靠谱吗